Fredholm, Erik Ivar (1866–1927)
Swedish mathematician who founded the modern theory of integral equations. This became a major research topic in the first quarter of the 20th century and underpinned important theoretical developments in physics; David Hilbert, in particular, extended Fredholm's work to arrive at the concept of Hilbert space. Fredholm also devoted time to actuarial science and made a particularly important contribution by proposing an elegant formula to determine the surrender value of a life insurance policy. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Uppsala but then spent the rest of his academic career at the University of Stockholm.
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