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system
Something that can be studied as a whole. Systems may consist of subsystems that are interesting in their own right. Or they may exist in an environment that consists of other similar systems. Systems are generally understood to have an internal state, inputs from an environment, and methods for manipulating the environment or themselves. Since cause and effect can flow in both directions of a system and environment, interesting systems often possess feedback, which is self-referential in the strongest case.
Related category
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