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    Vorontsov-Velyaminov scheme

    A system for classifying planetary nebulae according to their visual appearance. It recognizes the following main types:
    1. Stellar image (I).
    2. Smooth disk (II) (a, brighter toward center; b, uniform brightness; c, traces of a ring structure).
    3. Irregular disk (III) (a, very irregular brightness distribution; b, traces of ring structure).
    4. Ring structure (IV).
    5. Irregular form, similar to a diffuse nebula (V).
    6. Anomalous form (VI).
    More complex structures are characterized by combinations such as “4+2” (ring and disk), or “4+4” (two rings). The scheme was devised by the Russian astrophysicist Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov (1904-1994).


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