Hoyle, Fred (1915-2001)
Hoyle was an early supporter of the modern view that extrasolar planets and life are ubiquitous. In his standard text Frontiers of Astronomy1 (1955) he writes: [W]e may expect planetary systems to have developed around the majority of stars.... Living creatures must it seems be rather common.Then, in a more caustically humorous vein (attacking Cold War follies): This is a pity, because the supporters of various ideologies after attempting to impress the superior merits of their views on each other (through the aid of fusion bombardment and other massive activities), could proceed to impress themselves on the rest of the Milky Way. Not only this, but the opportunity for tax-collectors would be enormous. With taxes levied on say 250,000,000,000,000,000,000 individuals ... it would be possible to whack up the defence programme for the Milky Way to something like reasonable proportions.Hoyle has made a career out of challenging orthodoxy. However, far more remarkable and contentious than any of his earlier work have been his more recent claims about the origin of life. In association with Chandra Wickramasinghe, he began, in the 1970s, to develop the notion that complex organic materials and even primitive microorganisms evolve in interstellar space (see life, in space). Much criticism and derision was initially directed at this hypothesis; yet, while some aspects of it continue to appear implausible to many, other aspects, including the idea that comets serve as delivery vehicles for prebiotic chemicals, have come to be accepted. Even in Frontiers, Hoyle's future thesis about the origin of life in space was beginning to take shape: The physical and chemical requirements must ... have been far more favorable for the building of complex molecules before the Earth was aggregated... The Earth intercepts only a tiny fraction of the ultra-violet light emitted by the Sun ... The energy source was therefore much greater before the planets were aggregated ... Another point in favour of a pre-planetary origin of life appears when we consider in a little more detail how the complex molecules were built up. This requires the addition together of many smaller molecules... If the molecules were dissolved in the sea, for instance, the chance of enough of the right kinds of molecules coming together would be negligible... Bernal has called attention to the necessity for solving this problem of association, and has suggested that favourable conditions would probably occur if the molecules were coated as a film on the surface of a solid particle. Such a condition would undoubtedly best be satisfied ... while the planetary material was still distributed as a swarm of small bodies... There is no suggestion that animals and plants as we know them originated in interplanetary space. But the vital steps on which life is based may have occurred there.Almost contemporaneously with this firm scientific proposal of life's off-world origin, Hoyle allowed his fertile imagination full rein in his first science fiction novel The Black Cloud (1957), in which an intelligent interstellar cloud arrives in the solar system (see extraterrestrial intelligence, forms of). In a later "alien" story, A for Andromeda and its sequel, he turned to some of the possible consequences of SETI. (Photo courtesy of the California Institute of Technology Archives) Reference
Related category • ASTRONOMERS AND ASTROPHYSICISTS Archived news Dust to dust: Thoughts on Fred Hoyle's passing (Aug 26, 2001) External sites Hoyle biography (University of St. Andrews) Biographical entry at The Bruce Medalists website Also on this site: Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy & Sustainable Living Encyclopedia of History Transport Concepts & Designs (partner site) |