The pineal gland, also called the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri, is a small, cone-shaped endocrine gland. It extends posteriorly from the third ventricle of the brain. The pineal gland consists of portions of neurons, neuroglial cells, and specialized secretory cells called pinealocytes. The pinealocytes synthesize the hormone melatonin and secrete it directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, which takes it into the blood. Melatonin affects reproductive development and daily physiologic cycles.

Calcium deposition in the pineal makes it a useful marker of midline in skull X-rays.