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    Bergson, Henri (1859-1941)

    Henri Bergson
    French philosopher and writer who popularized the idea of an élan vital, or creative force, at the heart of evolution, rather than a deterministic natural selection. Together with Hans Driesch in Germany, he advocated a return to a form of vitalism ('neovitalism') which, as Leonard Troland put it:1
    ... asserts that the phenomena of life are not determined by law-abiding forces but by a form of activity the effects of which are unpredictable, ... chaotic and beyond the range of science.

    Reference
    1. Troland, L. "The Chemical Origin and Regulation of Life," The Monist, 24, 92 (1914).

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