Corporal (missile)

The first American surface-to-surface missile to approach the capability of the German V-2, the first operational guided missile of the US Army, and the first US guided missile system to be approved for nuclear armament. The liquid-fueled Corporal and the Private stemmed from Project ORDCIT – a long-range missile program begun by the California Institute of Technology's rocket laboratory at the request of Army Ordnance in 1944.

The development began with the Private-A and Private-F, and continued with the WAC Corporal and Corporal-E, before becoming a separate weapons development program. The main contractor for Corporal was the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); however, the contract for the production of the operational missiles went to Firestone in 1951, after missile design had been frozen. The first flight took place in August 1952, and in April 1954 the first Army units began training with the missile, which was designated as Guided Missile XM2 in service. During the 1950s, both Type I and II Corporals were developed and deployed on mobile launchers by the United States Army in Europe. They remained active until the mid-1960s when they were superceded by the Sergeant.

Specifications
length	13.8 m (45.4 ft)
diameter	0.76 m (2.5 ft)
mass, fully fuelled	5,200 kg (11,400 lb)
range	46-139 km (25-75 nau. miles)
altitude (ballistic trajectory)	about 42 km (26 miles)
top speed	Mach 3.5
thrust	20,000 newtons
propellants	aniline and red fuming nitric acid

Significant dates and events
date	event
May 22, 1947	The Corporal E, first American surface-to-surface ballistic guided missile, was fired with results exceeding expectations. The missile attained a range of 62½ miles and an altitude of 129,000 ft, and accepted guidance corrections.
Jan. 18 1950	The Chief of Ordnance directed Jet Propulsion Laboratories to accelerate to Corporal E research test vehicle program and reorient to a guided missile weapon system. This reorientation was the start of tactical Corporal guided missile system.
Aug. 11, 1950	The Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Research and Development proposed that the Army undertake development of a modified version of the Corporal E. The Corporal E had been terminated as a specific project, but it was believed that the modified version, to be known as Corporal I, should be undertaken.
Jan. 1953	Engineer use tests of Type I Corporal were initiated at White Sands Proving Ground.
Feb. 5, 1953	The first Corporal missile was fired by military personnel. This was the first engineer-user test round.
July 1953	The first Corporal I tactical equipment was used to fire a Corporal missile.
Oct. 7, 1954	The Office, Chief of Ordnance, recommended that, in view of the unreliability of the Corporal system and the likelihood that further improvement and redesign would do little to eliminate the basic faults, priority be given to the Sergeant system.
Feb. 1955	The first Corporal battalion was deployed to Europe. This was the first ballistic missile unit to be deployed overseas.
April 4, 1955	The Deputy Chief of Research and Development informed the Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics that a comparison had been made of eight Corporal Type II missile flights to date with comparable flight samplings of Type I and modified Type I. It appeared that Type II was a substantial improvement over Type I in both accuracy and reliability. The Deputy Chief for Research and Development recommended a continuation of procurement of Corporal Type II missiles to the extent necessary to insure a Corporal Type II missile capability in the event of war prior to completion of the Sergeant development in 1961-62.
Dec. 5, 1955	The Director of Research and Development, commenting on a review of the guided missile program, informed the Assistant Secretary of Defense that one prototype of the Corporal III would be delivered to Ordnance Corps in the period July 1956-January 1957. The difference between Corporal II and Corporal III was largely in the ground guidance system.
Dec. 4, 1956	The Deputy Chief of Research and Development informed the Antiaircraft Artillery and Guided Missile Center that the Corporal program had been under study for some time and that the Army position was to continue the Corporal III through a very limited development program thus making the Corporal III available for production should additional Corporal units be required before completion of the Sergeant. The Corporal III development was to be on a very austere basis so as not to interfere with Sergeant.
May 15, 1957	The Chief of Research and Development approved for the Chief of Staff, Army, the termination of the Corporal Type III development program. The reason was that support for Sergeant and other missiles was underfunded in the FY 1958 budget. The Corporal III, being a shelf item, had lower priority than the other missile projects.
May 23, 1957	The Corporal Type III program was terminated because of the limited research and development progress on the Sergeant system.
Dec. 1957	Approximately 900 Corporal missiles had been produced to date. These included both Type I and II missiles and those produced for the British. At end of FY 58, there was approximately 190 missiles available for U.S. stockpile. Approximately 400 Corporal missiles had been fired to date. Recent firings demonstrated that the system had a circular probable error of less than 300 meters and an in-flight reliability of approximately 75 percent as compared to less than 50 percent in 1955.

Source: Public Affairs Office, White Sands Missile Range

Related categories

• ROCKETS, MISSILES, AND LAUNCH VEHICLES
• HISTORY OF ROCKETRY

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