Key Hole (KH)

The name used by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) for various series of US PHOTINT military reconnaissance satellites. Missions in the Corona series, for example, were designated KH-1 to KH-4B. It was not until 1995 that information about these spacecraft was declassified. Argon missions were known as KH-5 and Lanyard as KH-6. In September 2011, NRO declassified information about the KH-7, -8, and -9 (see below). With the first of the KH-11 launches, in 1976, came a switch from conventional photography to electro-optical imaging in which digital image files were stored onboard the spacecraft and then relayed to ground stations for analysis. These later programs remain classified.

designation	other name(s)	time period	notes
KH-1 to KH-4	Corona	1959–1972	First series of US spy satellites; photos returned by film canister ejection
KH-5	Argon	1961–1964	Film return
KH-6	Lanyard	1963	Film return; camera from Samos program
KH-7	Gambit 1	1963–1967	Film return
KH-8	Gambit 3	1966–1984	Film return
KH-9	Hexagon; Big Bird	1971–1986	Film return
KH-10	Dorian	cancelled	Manned Orbiting Laboratory
KH-11	Crystal; Kennan	1976–1995	First known digital imaging spy satellite
KH-12	Ikon; Improved Crystal	1990–	Digital imaging; possible live intelligence gathering
KH-13	EIS?	1999–	Stealth technology? Possible radar imaging

KH-7 (Gambit 1) and KH-8 (Gambit 3) programs

A U.S. military aircraft retrieving a film capsule under parachute.
Credit: NRO

The KH-7 program enabled sharper imagery than ever before of Soviet missile bases, airfields, and strategic sites to be captured. Between July 1963 to June 1967, NRO launched 38 KH-7 payloads, 28 of which it deemed to be successful. Each satellite carried a camera, developed by Eastman Kodak, with a focal length of 77 inches, which, from an altitude of 60 nautical miles, could resolve detail on the ground as small as about 3 feet across. Each carried a single reentry capsule, limiting their mission to about one week once all the film was used up. The film capsule descended by parachute and was collected in mid-air by a specially-equipped military aircraft.

KH-8 (Gambit 3) satellites carried two film recovery capsules and an upgraded Eastman Kodak camera with twice the focal length as of the KH-7 camera. From 1966 to 1986, 54 KH-8 payloads were launched, dropping film back to Earth twice each mission. The superior camera allowed the KH-8 satellites to spot features smaller than 2 feet on the ground.

Both KH-7 and -8 series required an Agena D upper stage for maneuvers and attitude control in orbit.

KH-9 (Hexagon)

A KH-9 satellite being lifted for testing before launch.
Credit: NRO

Diagram describing the major components of the KH-9 satellite.
Credit: NRO

KH-9 satellites, each 60-feet long (roughly the size of a school bus) and weighing 30,000 pounds, could spend up to 9 months in orbit taking photos with a high-resolution imaging camera or a wider angle mapping camera for context imagery. With four recoverable film buckets, the KH-9 series could send home packets of imagery every couple of months. One frame would cover a sliver of the Earth covering a distance equal to that from Washington DC to Cincinnati, Ohio. Each satellite carried 60 miles of film that moved through a pressurized path up to 16 feet per second during imaging operations. In total NRO launched 20 KH-9 satellites, the only major failure being a catastrophic rocket explosion nine seconds after liftoff on the final mission in 1986.

Related categories

• MILITARY RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE
• SATELLITES AND SPACE PROBES

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