joint

A joint, or articulation, is a place where two bones come together. All of the bones in the human skeleton, except for one (the hyoid bone in the neck), form a joint with another bone. In terms of the amount of movement they allow, there are three types of joints:

Synovial joints (diarthroses) – freely movable joints
Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) – slightly movable joints
Fibrous joints (synarthroses) – immovable or fixed joints

Synovial joints (diarthroses)

A synovial joint or diarthrosis

Types of synovial joint
Credit: Lucile Packard Children's Hospital

Most joints in the adult body are diarthroses or synovial joints, which are freely movable joints. (The singular form is diarthrosis.) In this type of joint, the ends of the opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, the articular cartilage, and they are separated by a space called the joint cavity. The components of the joints are enclosed in a dense fibrous joint capsule, also called an articular capsule. The outer layer of the capsule consists of the ligaments that hold the bones together. The inner layer is the synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity for lubrication.

Because all of these joints have a synovial membrane, they are sometimes called synovial joints.

Types of diathroses or synovial joints include:

Ball and socket joints, such as the hip and shoulder joints. These are the most mobile type of joint in the human body. They allow you to swing your arms and legs in many different directions.

Ellipsoidal joints, such as the joint at the base of your index finger. These allow bending and extending, rocking from side to side, but rotation is limited.

Plane joints. These occur between the surfaces of two flat bones that are held together by ligaments. Some of the bones in your wrists and ankles move by gliding against each other.

Hinge joints, as in the knee and elbow. These enable movement similar to the opening and closing of a hinged door.

Pivot joints. The pivot joint in the neck allows the head to turn from side to side.

Saddle joints. The only saddle joints in the body are in the thumbs. The bones in a saddle joint can rock back and forth and from side to side, but they have limited rotation.

Simplest of the freely movable or synovial joints are gliding joints (A), such as those between the carpal bones at the wrist. Movement is restricted by ligaments. Freely movable joints (B) contain fluid to lubricate bearing surfaces (1 bone, 2 cartilage, 3 synovial fluid, 4 synovial membrane, 5 tendon, 6 ligament.) Ball-and-socket joints (C) are found in the hip and shoulder. The socket grips the ball firmly, assisted by ligaments. The hip joints support the trunk's full weight. Internal ligaments (D) help to stabilize the knee joint. They cross within the joint, enclosed in synovial membrane where the femur and tibia articulate. Pivot joints (E) are found where the atlas and axis vertebrae articulate and between the radius and ulna. The former allows the head to turn, the latter the forearm to twist. Hinge joints (F) allow movement in only one plane, as at the knee, between the humerus and ulna at the elbow and between the bones of each finger and toe. The saddle joint (G) at the base of the thumb is so shaped that combinations of movements in different planes are possible allowing the pad of the thumb to meet the finger pads.

Fibrous joints (synarthroses)

Fibrous joints, or synarthroses, are immovable joints. (The singular form is synarthrosis.) In these joints, the bones come in very close contact and are separated only by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. The sutures in the skull are examples of immovable joints.

Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

Slightly movable joints are called cartilaginous joints or amphiarthroses. (The singular form is amphiarthrosis.) In this type of joint, the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. The ribs connected to the sternum by costal cartilages are slightly movable joints connected by hyaline cartilage. The symphysis pubis in the pelvis is a slightly movable joint in which there is a fibrocartilage pad between the two bones. The joints between the vertebrae and the intervertebral disks are also of this type.

Joint stability

See separate entry on joint stability.

Nerve supply of joints

The capsule and ligaments receive an abundant sensory nerve supply. The blood vessels receive autonomic sympathetic fibers. The cartilage covering the articular surfaces possesses only a few nerve endings near its edge. Overstretching of the capsule and ligaments produces reflex contraction of muscles around the joint; excessive stretching produces pain. The stretch receptors in the capsule and ligaments are continually sending proprioceptive information up to the central nervous system, keeping it informed of the position of the joints. The supplements the information passing to the nervous system from the muscle and tendon spindles, helps to maintain postural tone, and coordinates voluntary movements. The sympathetic fibers control the blood supply to the joint.

Hilton's law: A nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin over the insertion of these muscles.

human skeleton

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• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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